

The first level of organization in an ecosystem is the individual followed by population, community, and ecosystem (Figure 1). There are three levels of IPM implementation:
Level I: Population level integration - Control of a single pest species in an individual crop.
Level II: Community level integration - Management of pests (insects, weeds or pathogens) for a single crop.
Level III: Ecosystem level integration - Management of all pests within entire cropping systems.
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