Seed and Grain Symptoms
| Symptom | Possible Cause | Confirmation |
| Smell – urine / feces | Rodents | Look for other symptoms of rodents – e.g., droppings, scattered grain, foot prints in dust, sacks damaged, etc. |
| Smell – musty | Fungus due to high moisture content | Discoloration of grain and husk, Check moisture content. |
| Color - Darkening or spotting of husks; grain yellowing | High moisture and high temperature | Check if grain moisture content and temperature too high (e.g., above 14% MC for 2-3 weeks)Yellowing can occur in 2-3 days if high moisture and temperature prior to threshing. |
| Observed pests (e.g., insects. Moths, rodents) | Pests – moths, insects, rodents, birds | Look for other symptoms of rodents or birds – e.g., smell (rodents), droppings, tracks in dust, sacks damaged (rodents), dust (insects) etc. |
| Spillage – gain scattered | Rodents or birds | Look for other symptoms of rodents or birds – e.g., droppings, foot prints in dust, sacks damaged, etc. |
| Damaged grain | Rodents, birds, or insects | Look for other symptoms of rodents or birds – e.g., smell (rodents), droppings, tracks in dust, sacks damaged (rodents), dust (insects) etc. |
| Dust or powder beside stack or mixed with grain | Insects | Look for other symptoms of rodents or birds – e.g., smell (rodents), droppings, tracks in dust, sacks damaged (rodents), dust (insects) etc. |
| Poor grain germination | Loss of viability | High moisture and temperature during storage (e.g., Moisture above 10% in seed held for > 12 months). |
